DNA / RNA Synthesis

Studies on DNA have made great strides since Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.1) Studies on genes have achieved rapid progress with dramatic developments in genetic engineering represented by genetic modification and cloning. In line with these trends, vigorous research on chemical synthesis of DNA is being conducted, and a variety of synthetic methods are being developed. The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) method2) by Khorana group, the phosphotriester method3) and phosphite-triester method4) by Letsinger group and the phoshoramidite method5) by Caruthers group are examples of the various synthetic methods. The corresponding, suitable protecting agents, phosphorylating agents, condensing agent, and deprotecting agents have been developed and utilized.
In 1983 Mullis devised the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method6) making the replication reaction process of DNA much easier. This PCR method brought a dramatic change and rapid development in the studies of DNA. Today the draft version in decoding and mapping human genome has been almost completed, and the functional analyses of genome and analyses of "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism" (SNP) are being vigorously performed. Genomic drug discovery, gene test, tailor made therapy, are being advanced.
Chemically synthesized DNA is becoming important as a primer for the PCR method, an antisense molecule or an element of the DNA computer.

Nucleotides

Nucleosides

Bases

Phosphorylating Agents

Condensing Agents

Protecting Agents for hydroxyl group

Nucleotides

A0158 A0158 T0844 T0844 A2113 A2113
A0157 A0157 A0626 A0626 C0521 C0521
C0523 C0523 C1675 C1675 C0524 C0524
G0172 G0172 T0845 T0845 U0021 U0021
U0022 U0022
A0158 5'-Adenylic Acid
T0844 5'-Thymidylic Acid Calcium Salt
A2113 Adenosine 3'-Monophosphate Hydrate
A0157 Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate
A0626 Adenosine-5'-diphosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate
A0159 Adenylic Acid Hydrate (2'- and 3'- mixture) from Yeast
C0521 Cytidine 3'-Monophosphate
C0523 Cytidine 5'-Diphosphate Trisodium Salt
C1675 Cytidine 5'-Monophosphate
C0524 Cytidine-5'-monophosphate Disodium Salt
G0172 Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate
G0173 Guanylic Acid Sodium Salt (2'-,3'- mixture) (Yeast)
T0845 Thymidine 5'-Monophosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate
U0021 Uridine 5'-Monophosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate
U0022 Uridine-5'-triphosphate Trisodium Salt
U0016 Uridylic Acid (2'- and 3'- mixture)
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Nucleosides

D0046 D0046 D3583 D3583 D0048 D0048
D0052 D0052 D0060 D0060 A0152 A0152
C0522 C0522 C0525 C0525 G0171 G0171
T0233 T0233 U0020 U0020
D0046 2'-Deoxyadenosine Monohydrate
D3583 2'-Deoxycytidine
D0048 2'-Deoxycytidine Hydrochloride
D0052 2'-Deoxyguanosine Hydrate
D0060 2'-Deoxyuridine
A0152 Adenosine
C0522 Cytidine
C0525 Cytidine Sulfate
G0171 Guanosine
T0233 Thymidine
U0020 Uridine
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Bases

A0149 A0149 A0150 A0150 A0151 A0151
C0528 C0528 G0169 G0169 G0170 G0170
G0168 G0168 T0234 T0234 U0013 U0013
A0149 Adenine
A0150 Adenine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate
A0151 Adenine Sulfate Dihydrate
C0528 Cytosine
G0169 Guanine
G0170 Guanine Hydrochloride Hydrate
G0168 Guanine Sulfate
T0234 Thymine
U0013 Uracil
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Phosphorylating Agents

C1215 C1215 C1250 C1250 C1210 C1210
C0976 C0976 C0977 C0977 C0978 C0978
D2624 D2624 D0624 D0624 D0764 D0764
D1059 D1059 M0905 M0905 M0904 M0904
P0209 P0209 P1223 P1223
C1215 2-Chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane
C1250 2-Chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane
C1210 2-Chloro-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one
C0976 2-Chlorophenyl Phosphorodichloridate [Phosphorylating Agent]
C0977 4-Chlorophenyl Phosphorodichloridate [Phosphorylating Agent]
C0978 Barium 2-Cyanoethylphosphate [Phosphorylating Agent]
D2624 Dibenzyl N,N-Diisopropylphosphoramidite
D0624 Diethyl Chlorothiophosphate
D0764 Dimethyl Chlorothiophosphate
D1059 Diphenyl Chlorophosphate
M0905 Methyl Dichlorophosphite [Phosphitylating Agent]
M0904 Methyl Phosphorodichloridate
P0209 Phenyl Dichlorophosphate
P1223 Tetrabenzyl Pyrophosphate
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Condensing Agents

T0340 T0340 T1410 T1410 N0604 N0604
T1985 T1985 T1017 T1017 T1562 T1562
T0459 T0459 M1186 M1186 M0071 M0071
N0477 N0477 M0625 M0625 D0436 D0436
P0677 P0677
T0340 1,2,4-Triazole
T1410 1-(2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)imidazole
N0604 1-(4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
T1985 1-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)imidazole
T1017 1H-Tetrazole [Coupling Agent]
T1562 2,4,5,6-Tetramethylbenzenedisulfonyl Dichloride
T0459 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride
M1186 2,4-Mesitylenedisulfonyl Dichloride
M0071 2-Mesitylenesulfonyl Chloride
N0477 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole [Coupling Agent]
M0625 Mesitylenesulfonylimidazole
D0436 N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide [for Peptide Synthesis]
P0677 Pivaloyl Chloride
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Protecting Agents for hydroxyl group

B1151 B1151 D1608 D1608 D2504 D2504
N0404 N0404 T1526 T1526 T1071 T1071
D1612 D1612 C0832 C0832 M0790 M0790
B0078 B0078 D2469 D2469 B0995 B0995
B1223 B1223 T0512 T0512 C0308 C0308
B1151 1,3-Benzodithiolylium Tetrafluoroborate [Hydroxyl-Protecting Agent]
D1608 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane [Hydroxyl Protecting Agent]
D2504 2-Chlorophenyldiphenylmethyl Chloride
N0404 2-Nitrobenzyl Bromide
T1526 4,4',4''-Tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimido)trityl Bromide [Protecting Reagent for Primary Alcohol]
T1071 4,4',4''-Tris(benzoyloxy)trityl Bromide [Hydroxyl Protecting Agent]
D1612 4,4'-Dimethoxytrityl Chloride [Hydroxyl Protecting Agent]
C0832 4-Chlorophenoxyacetyl Chloride
M0790 4-Methoxytrityl Chloride [Hydroxyl Protecting Agent]
B0078 Benzoic Anhydride
D2469 Di-tert-butyldichlorosilane
B0995 tert-Butyldimethylchlorosilane [tert-Butyldimethylsilylating Agent]
B1223 tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane
T0512 Triphenylmethyl Bromide
C0308 Triphenylmethyl Chloride
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Literature

1) J. D. Watson, F. H. C. Crick, Nature, 1953, 171, 737.
2) H. G. Khorana, Pure Appl. Chem., 1968, 17, 349.
3) R. L. Letsinger, K. K. Ogilvie, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1967, 89, 4801.
4) R. L. Letsinger, W. B. Lundsford, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 3655.
5) L. J. McBride, M. H. Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 245.
6) R. K. Saiki, T. L. Bugawan, G. T. Horn, K. B. Mullis, H. A. Erlich, Nature, 1986, 324, 163.

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